Fitotoksičnost klopiralida vezano uz klijanje sjemena mediteranskih borova

Black pine (Pinus nigra J. F. Arnold), maritime pine (P. pinaster Aiton), Scots pine (P. sylvestris L.), and Turkish red pine (TRP, P. brutia Ten.) are ecologically and economically important conifers of the Mediterranean Basin, and in particular for Turkish forestry. They are commonly used for the regeneration and restoration of degraded ecosystems in Turkey. Weeds compete with tree seedlings for vital site elements such as soil moisture and nutrients and solar radiation, substantially reducing tree establishment and growth. Herbicides can offer the practitioner efficient and cost-effective weed control compared to other methods. Rapid herbicide seed screening allows testing of crop-safe herbicides and application rates at much lower costs in a very short time-frame when compared to lengthy field trials. Clopyralid is a systemic herbicide used to rid pine seedlings of competing vegetation. The present study examined the effect of clopyralid phytotoxicity on these pine species using a rapid herbicide seed screening test in order to compare different application rates on seed germination and to identify crop-safe rates. Clopyralid was not phytotoxic to any of the pine species at low rates (i.e., <2%, v:v); however, pine sensitivity to the herbicide increased with increasing rates, especially for rates higher than 3%. Moreover, at high rates, clopyralid reduced the germination speed. This herbicide can be used at low rates for degraded areas and nursery sites in which sowing is used as the main regeneration or restoration method. Field confirmation of the obtained results is also recommended.Crni bor (Pinus nigra J. F. Arnold), primorski bor (Pinus pinaster Aiton), obični bor (Pinus sylvestris L.), i brucijski bor (TRP, Pinus brutia Ten.) su ekološki i ekonomski važne četinjače u mediteranskom području, a posebno za tursko šumarstvo. Obično se koriste za regeneraciju i sanaciju degradiranih eko sustava u Turskoj. Korovske biljke su u kompeticiji sa sadnicama drveća jer im oduzimaju vlagu, hranjive tvari i sunčevu svjetlost, što može značajno smanjiti rast i razvoj sadnica. Herbicidi se u praksi koriste za učinkovitu i isplativu kontrolu korova jer smanjuju troškove u usporedbi s ostalim metodama njihovog suzbijanja. Brzo skeniranje herbicida za sjeme omogućuje skeniranje herbicida sigurnih za uzgoj uz znatno niže troškove i u vrlo kratkom vremenu u usporedbi s dugotrajnim pokusima na terenu. Klopiralid je sustavni herbicid koji se koristi za zaštitu sadnica istraživanih borova od konkurentne vegetacije. U ovom istraživanju, fitotoksičnost klopiralida je istražena uz pomoć testa za brzo skeniranje herbicida za sjeme kako bi se usporedila njegova primjena kod klijanja sjemena te radi utvrđivanja sigurne doze. Klopiralid nije bio fitotoksičan niti za jednu vrstu bora pri niskim dozama (npr., <2%, v:v), ali se osjetljivost borova na herbicid povećala s većom dozom, posebno ako su doze bile veće od 3 %. Klopiralid je smanjio brzinu klijanja u visokim dozama. Ovaj herbicid se može koristiti u manjim dozama za degradirana i rasadnička mjesta na kojima se koristi sjetva sjemena kao glavna metoda sanacije i regeneracije sastojina. Preporučena je također i potvrda rezultata s terena

Dendrochronological data from twelve countries proved definite growth response of black alder (Alnus glutinosa [L.] Gaertn.) to climate courses across its distribution range

Black alder (Alnus glutinosa [L.] Gaertn.) is an important component of riparian and wetland ecosystems in Europe. However, data on the growth of this significant broadleaved tree species is very limited. Presently, black alder currently suffers from the pathogen Phytophthora and is particularly threatened by climate change. The objective of this study was to focus on the impact of climatic variables (precipitation, temperature, extreme climatic events) on the radial growth of alder across its geographic range during the period 1975–2015. The study of alder stands aged 46–108 years was conducted on 24 research plots in a wide altitude range (85–1015 m) in 12 countries of Europe and Asia. The most significant months affecting alder radial growth were February and March, where air temperatures are more significant than precipitation. Heavy frost and extreme weather fluctuations in the first quarter of the year were the main limiting factors for diameter increment. Within the geographical setting, latitude had a higher effect on radial growth compared to longitude. However, the most important variable concerning growth parameters was altitude. The temperature’s effect on the increment was negative in the lowlands and yet turned to positive with increasing altitude. Moreover, growth sensitivity to precipitation significantly decreased with the increasing age of alder stands. In conclusion, the growth variability of alder and the number of negative pointer years increased with time, which was caused by the ongoing climate change and also a possible drop in the groundwater level. Riparian alder stands well supplied with water are better adapted to climatic extremes compared to plateau and marshy sites

Effects of different Rhododendron control methods in eastern beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) ecosystems in the western Black Sea region of Turkey

Intensive weed control and plot preparation practices have become a critical and integral part of productive beech forest management in Turkey's coastal Black Sea region (BSR). This study was conducted in an eastern beech forest of 100+ year old in the BSR to evaluate ecosystem effects of three different experimental Rhododendron ponticum understory control methods with a randomised block design, including manual grubbing, foliar and cut stump spraying with imazapyr (Arsenal) and foliar and cut stump spraying with triclopyr (Garlon). Untreated vegetation plots served as controls. Evaluation of these treatments included their effects on understory and forest floor biomass and nutrients (C, N, P, S, K, Ca and Mg) and effects on soils, including bulk density, pH, soil nutrients (C, N, P and S), exchangeable cations (K, Ca and Mg) and soil cation exchange capacity (CEC). Grubbing and imazapyr treatments had greatly reduced the amount of understory biomass 5 years after application (P = 0.002). Triclopyr treatment also had a major effect on understory vegetation control, but by 5 years later, about 10% of the rhododendron originally present on these plots had gradually re-sprouted and partially covered the plots. Five years after woody vegetation control treatments, at the 0- to 20-cm depth, treatments did not appear to affect soil bulk density, pH and CEC. For the upper 20-cm soil depth, the exchangeable soil K concentration at the 10- to 20-cm depth on triclopyr-treated plots was 33% higher than on grubbing plots, and it was twice that of imazapyr application plots. Imazapyr plots had almost 11 times more dead organic matter on the forest floor than there was on grubbing plots. Forest floor C concentrations on imazapyr plots were 26 and 14% greater than those on grubbing and triclopyr plots, respectively. Total ecosystem (forest floor + understory + soil exchangeable) Ca content was 50% higher on imazapyr plots than that on triclopyr plots, while the ecosystem K pool on imazapyr treatment plots was 27% lower than that on triclopyr plots. Herbicides can be used as an alternative for achieving some forest management objectives when other vegetation control methods are not feasible or economical. It is recommended that vegetation control not be used on steep slopes because of greater risk of soil erosion. There may be benefits in encouraging slash disposal by fire after imazapyr treatments, thus removing recalcitrant understory residues left on the forest floor and releasing the essential nutrients within them. © 2006 The Authors

Yabani Kiraz Dikim Sahasında Kontrollü Salınımlı Gübrenin Etkileri: Beşinci Yıl Sonuçları

Gübreleme fidan yaşama yüzdesi ve büyümesini ile fidanların zararlılara dayanıklılığını artırmakla beraber iklim değişikliğinin ağaçlar üzerindeki etkisini ise azaltabilmektedir.  Gübrelemenin genç fidanlar üzerindeki olumlu etkileri özellikle hızlı gelişen türlerde ortaya çıkmaktadır. Geleneksel tarım gübrelerine kıyasla, kontrollü salınımlı gübreler fidanlara yavaş, devamlı ve güvenilir bir besin takviyesi sağlamaktadır. Yabani kiraz (Prunus avium L.)  Türkiye’nin nemli Batı Karadeniz Bölgesi ormanlarının önemli ve doğal bir unsurudur. Hızlı gelişen bu yapraklı ağaç türü topluma birçok ekolojik ve ekonomik fayda ve hizmet sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, 2009 ilkbaharında Batı Karadeniz Bölgesi’ndeki bir yaşında fidanlarla kurulan yabani kiraz dikim sahasında beş farklı dozda (0, 80, 160, 240 ve 320 g fidan-1) uygulanan kontrollü salınımlı bir gübrenin (Basacote® Plus 6 M, COMPO Benelux, Belçika) beşinci yıl sonuçları ele alınmıştır.  Denemeden beş yıl sonra, farklı gübre dozlarının yabani kiraz yaşama yüzdesi ve büyümesi üzerinde önemli bir etki yapmadığı tespit edilmiştir.  Denemenin ikinci yılında, yabani kiraz büyümesinde görülen önemli olumlu etkiler denemenin beşinci yılında kaybolmuştur.  Önceki değerlendirmede de not edilen yüksek dozlu gübrelemenin fidan değişkenleri üzerindeki olumsuz etkisi azalmakla beraber beşinci yılsonunda da görülmüştür. Kontrollü salınımlı gübrelemenin, yaban kiraz yaşama yüzdesi ve büyümesi üzerindeki etkisinin karmaşık ve sahaya özgü bir mekanizmaya sahip olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Sahada mevcut yetişme ortamı verimliliği ile gübrelemenin tek bir yılda yapılması ve sonrasında tekrarlanmaması bu çalışmada elde edilen sonuçları etkileyen etmenler olabilir

Effects of application date and rate of foliar-applied glyphosate on pine seedlings in Turkey

WOS: 000428936400003Glyphosate is the herbicide most extensively used for site preparation and conifer release. It is a broad-spectrum herbicide and therefore crop safety is a critical issue. This study assessed the early effects of 14 different treatments, including no weed control, manual weed control, and 12 foliar-applied herbicide treatments at low, intermediate, high, and highest application rates and application timing on glyphosate phytotoxicity of containerized seedlings of Austrian pine (Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold.), Scots pine (P. sylvestris L.) and maritime pine (P. pinaster Aiton), conifer species widely used for afforestation and supplementary plantings in Turkish forestry. In general, Scots pine seedlings were tolerant to glyphosate compared to the other species. Glyphosate phytotoxicity varied significantly according to the time and rate of application. Seedlings were relatively tolerant to glyphosate in April whereas they were intolerant in May. The highest herbicide rate (1.2% v:v) was consistently phytotoxic to all species. Moreover, the effect of herbicide rate on seedling survival and growth varied significantly according to application date (i.e., application rate x date interaction). Seedlings appeared tolerant to glyphosate at low and intermediate rates (0.2, 0.4% v:v) between mid-spring and mid-summer, whereas they demonstrated significant sensitivity to the highest rate across all time periods. Glyphosate at the high rate (0.8% v:v) was particularly more phytotoxic when applied in May. Application of glyphosate at rates up to 0.8% could be recommended for weed control without significant pine damage in mid-spring when the needles presumably have a dense leaf epicuticular wax layer limiting herbicide penetration. Applications of 0.8 and 1.2% v:v are not recommended during May-June.Scientific Research Project Coordinator of Duzce University [BAP2015.02.02.303]This research was funded by the Scientific Research Project Coordinator of Duzce University (Grant number BAP2015.02.02.303)

Long-term site productivity effects of different Rhododendron control methods in eastern beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) ecosystems in the Western Black Sea region of Turkey

SARGINCI, Murat/0000-0002-2263-9003; Esen, Derya/0000-0003-4175-758XWOS: 000266400800004The study area is located in an eastern beech stand on a fertile and mesic upland site in the western Black Sea region of Turkey. During natural regeneration of the beech stand, rhododendron was differentially controlled. The experiment used a randomized block design with four replicates and two different site preparation practices. The manual treatment was hand grubbing. The whole plant was uprooted and left on the site. The mechanical treatment scarified the surface soil to 5-10 cm depth with a bulldozer equipped with a brush rake. After 17 years following site preparation, the number of trees on the grubbing site (GS) was 60% more than that of mechanical treatment sites (MTS). Total tree biomass per hectare was 39% greater on GS than that of MTS. Beech trees on the grubbing sites had 18, 115, 29, 17 and 78% more N, P, K, Ca and Mg than MTS, respectively. Forest floor N content on GS was 50% more than that of MTS. On the GS, Ca content also was three times more than that of MTS. At 0-20 cm depth, cation exchange capacity on GS was 48% higher than that of MTS. At the same depth, GS had 50, 100, 78, 23, 8, 10 and 49% more C, N, P, Ca, K, Mg and S concentrations than those of MTS, respectively. Removing of organic layer and upper soil with mechanical site preparation depletes ecosystem nutrient pools compared with manual grubbing. This difference is sustained in the long-term. Grubbing is both effective and by leaving organic layer on the sites, grubbing preserves the long-term productivity of the ecosystem

Seed screening of three pine species for glyphosate sensitivity for forest restoration

International Congress on Sustainable Restoration of Mediterranean Forests - Analysis and Perspective within the Context of Bio-Based Economy Development under Global Changes -- APR 19-21, 2017 -- Palermo, ITALYWOS: 000428819100021Austrian black pine (Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), and maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Aiton) are commonly used in restoration practices in the Mediterranean base including Turkey. Direct seeding can secure desired level of tree establishment and survival on degraded sites wherever, favorable safe sites are scattered throughout the landscape. Glyphosate is a commonly used herbicide for weed control in forest, nursery and restoration sites worldwide, due to its broad-spectrum efficacy and considerably less toxicity on the environment compared to other chemicals. The present study screened the glyphosate phytotoxicity of three dominant pine species in Turkey during a seed germination trial, after seeds had been presoaked in 15 different dose-glyphosate solutions varying between 0 and 5%, v:v. Glyphosate applications damaged seed germination speed more than cumulative germination rate. As a systemic herbicide, glyphosate appeared highly phytotoxic to Austrian black pine. Scots pine showed an intermediate glyphosate phytotoxicity. Maritime pine was the least sensitive species, tolerating glyphosate at1% doses. In conclusion, glyphosate may be used at low doses on restoration sites seeded with maritime pine while it is not recommended to be used on degraded sites seeded with Austrian black pine and Scots pine.Int Union Forest Res Org Res Grp 1 06 Restorat Degraded Sites, Int Union Forest Res Org Res Grp 3 02 Stand Establishment & Treatment, Int Union Forest Res Org Task Forces Forest Adaptat & Restorat under Global Change, Climate Change & Forest Hlth, Univ Insubria, Univ Palermo, Tuscia Univ, Italian Soc Forest Restorat, Italian Acad Forest Sci, Italian Botan SocScientific Research Project Coordination of Duzce University [BAP-2015.02.02.399]This work was supported by the Scientific Research Project Coordination of Duzce University [grant number (BAP-2015.02.02.399)]